Dorn Spinal Therapy
Ewaldo Bolívar de Souza Pinto, Priscila C.S.P. Abdalla, Rodrigo P.M. de Souza, Eduardo Hentschel, Sergio Pita
58.1
The study of the anatomy of the nasolabial region has been very important in the last few years because it has contributed to the aesthetic rhinoplasty concerning the search for harmony between the nose and the upper lip, and more importantly, the smile [1].
Inspired by other surgeons' experience in the treatment of Negroid nose, in which the substantial subperiosteal displacement for the relaxation of the lateral musculature is indicated [2], the authors succeeded in freeing and treating the fascicules of the nasal septum depressor muscle through the upper gingiva, performing a zetaplasty in the oral mucosa [3-5].
This chapter aims to (1) present our surgical experience in the functional and dynamic treatment of the muscles closely related to the nose tip and the upper lip, (2) establish a semiotic classification of the naso labial complex and (3) show the results of the association of functional rhinoplasty (septoplasty, turbinec-tomy) and aesthetic surgery (rhino sculpture).
58.2
There has been an increase in interest in the study of the functional anatomy of the nose muscles [6, 7]. The nasal septum depressor muscle is considered to be the main muscle involved in the dynamic drop of the nose tip, especially when the subject smiles [2-4, 8-10]. It is a muscle localized in both sides of the midline of the upper lip, extending up to the nose septum region, where it is formed by three fascicules, described as follows [6, 7] (Fig. 58.1) :
Medial fascicles: Together, the internal fascicles of the nasal septum depressor muscle have an equilateral triangular shape, with the bone insertion in the
lower portion of the nose spine (triangle apex) and the triangle base with a free insertion in the upper lip. During a dynamic rhinoplasty, these fascicles are released from their bone insertions in order to reduce the muscular strength, lift the nose tip and enlarge the upper lip. Afterwards they are replaced by the intermediate fascicules.
Intermediate fascicles: These are placed between the medial and lateral fascicles; they have a fundamental role in the dynamic rhinoplasty (enlarging or reducing the upper lip) when they replace the medial fascicles, being plicated towards the midline.
Lateralfascicles: The nostrils are especially large in Negroid noses, widening the nose wings. They can be freed and twisted towards the center, narrowing the nostril base.
58.3
Following up on the dynamic rhinoplasty development, Souza Pinto proposed a classification for patients in six different groups, indicating the specific surgery technique to each one of them (Table 58.1).
This classification is based on the relation between the nose tip characteristics (drooping or projected) and the upper lip (short or long) for groups I-IV ; groups V and VI are considered special cases.
Computerized studies were first performed in 1988 and have been continuously improved with hardware and software resources, trying to improve the patient-doctor rapport [12].
Table 58.1. Dynamic rhinoplasty - Souza Pinto classification
58.4
Techniques for the Treatment of a Short Upper Lip
The surgical technique referred to as dynamic rhino-
Fig. 58.2. Marking the zetaplasty (45-60°) in the upper lip
58 Search for Balance Between the Nose Tip and the Upper Lip
58 Search for Balance Between the Nose Tip and the Upper Lip
tutes the main step in the technique of dynamic rhinoplasty, where the muscular fascicules are approached and treated on the basis of the semiotic group involved.
With the help of a retractor, perform a periostal undermining; the medial fascicle is totally freed from the lower part of the nasal spine, with consequent lifting of the nose tip, resulting in a projection of the upper lip (Fig. 58.3).
With the improvement of techniques for the muscular treatment of the nose tip and upper lip we concluded that there is no necessity for bone resection below the nasal spine. The next step is undermining the intermediate fascicles in the mucosal plane with delicate scissors, and centrally repositioning them in the midline with the plicature of its bands, replacing the medial fascicles previously freed (Fig. 58.4).
This central plicature allows the columella projection and nose tip lifting, isolating it, functionally, from the upper lip.
After hemostasis, the mucosal flaps are transposed and sutured with absorbable suture, allowing the elongation of the upper lip (1-2 mm) (Fig . 58.5).
Specific precautions regarding the postoperative follow-up of this surgery include strict and proper mouth hygiene. Recommendations concerning the aesthetic (rhinosculpture) and functional surgery (septoplasty and turbinectomy) are based on the demands of each case.
58.5 Results
Through the dynamic rhinoplasty it is possible to treat the nasolabial complex, obtaining a more harmonious result. The association of functional (septoplasty and turbinectomy) and aesthetic (rhinosculp-ture) surgery leads to more satisfactory results.
The association of techniques for a 23-year-old patient with a drooping nose tip, a short upper lip, an obvious dorsal convexity and septum deviation re sulted, 6 months after surgery, in the improvement of the dorsal contour, upper lip elongation and nose tip lifting (Fig. 58.6).
Figure 58.7 shows a 21-year-old patient with a dropping nose tip drop, a short upper lip and dorsal convexity, and the postoperative result after 6 months.
In Fig. 58.8, we show a 19-year-old patient, a mouth breather, with a gingival smile, a drooping nose tip, an exuberant dorsal convexity, septum deviation and a short upper lip. Six months after the surgery we notice a more harmonious and projected profile.
58.6
At the beginning, this technique, currently known as dynamic rhinoplasty, was used in cases of severe drooping nose tips, patients with a gingival smile, a short upper lip, columella retraction and a Negroid nose. The main achievements observed with the use of this technique are:
Narrowing of flared nostrils in the case of a Negroid nose
The dynamic rhinoplasty represents only one of the nose surgery stages. When compared with other surgical procedures its advantages are:
We still emphasize, however, the importance of the association of aesthetic and functional treatments in order to preserve the facial harmony as a whole, according to the principles of rhinosculpture, individually considering each case and avoiding the stigma of an operated nose.
58 Search for Balance Between the Nose Tip and the Upper Lip 441
58.7
We have been performing rhinosculptures since 1993, always trying to individualize our procedures in order to achieve harmony between the nose and the face, not leaving obvious signs of a surgery to the patient.
Encouraged by our work with the anatomical and muscular approach of the nose tip in rhinoplasty, we have been adapting the precepts of functional and dynamic surgery for this segment in particular, which has a close connection with the upper lip. Working with the nasal septum depressor muscle and its fascicles in distinctive ways in each semiotic case, one can achieve natural, functionally satisfactory and long-lasting results.
We have come to be very encouraged in the use of this technique, owing to the facial harmony achieved and the results that show us the improvement in the base-dorsum-nose tip-lip ratio. Used initially in cases of extremely drooping nose tips or Negroid noses, nowadays, this surgical technique is also indicated in cases of a long upper lip and a projected nose tip, and is available for use without restrictions.
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