Visual Survey of the Body
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Figures A.12 through A.16 provide an overview of the anatomy of the trunk and internal organs of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. Figures A.17 through A.22 are photographs of the cadaver showing the major organs of the dorsal and ventral body cavities.
Figure A.10 Serous Membranes of the Abdominal Cavity.
Sagittal section, left lateral view.
Is the urinary bladder in the peritoneal cavity?
Saladin: Anatomy & I Atlas A General I Text I © The McGraw-Hill
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A.11a Integumentary system
Principal organs: Skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands
Principal functions: Protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, nonverbal communication
A.11b Skeletal system
Principal organs: Bones, cartilages, ligaments
Principal functions: Support, movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, electrolyte and acid-base balance
A.11c Muscular system
Principal organs: Skeletal muscles Principal functions: Movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, heat production
A.11d Nervous system Principal organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia
Principal functions: Rapid internal communication and coordination, sensation
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Physiology: The Unity of Orientation to Human Companies, 2003
Form and Function, Third Anatomy Edition
Atlas A General Orientation to Human Anatomy 41
A.11e Endocrine system
Principal organs: Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries Principal functions: Internal chemical communication and coordination
A.11/ Circulatory system
Principal organs: Heart, blood vessels Principal functions: Distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
A.11g Lymphatic system
Principal organs: Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils
Principal functions: Recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense
A.11h Respiratory system
Principal organs: Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Principal functions: Absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech
Saladin: Anatomy & I Atlas A General I Text I © The McGraw-Hill
Physiology: The Unity of Orientation to Human Companies, 2003
Form and Function, Third Anatomy Edition
42 Part One Organization of the Body
A.11i Urinary system
Principal organs: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Principal functions: Elimination of wastes; regulation of blood volume and pressure; stimulation of red blood cell formation; control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance; detoxification
A.11/ Digestive system
Principal organs: Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas Principal functions: Nutrient breakdown and absorption; liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals, synthesis of plasma proteins, disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones, and cleansing of blood
A.11& Male reproductive system
Principal organs: Testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis
Principal functions: Production and delivery of sperm
A.11i Female reproductive system
Principal organs: Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, mammary glands
Principal functions: Production of eggs, site of fertilization and fetal development, fetal nourishment, birth, lactation
Saladin: Anatomy & I Atlas A General
Physiology: The Unity of Orientation to Human
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Text
Atlas A General Orientation to Human Anatomy 43
Platysma m. Trapezius m.
Clavicle
Deltoid m.
Cephalic v.
Mammary gland Biceps brachii m.
External abdominal oblique m.
Inguinal ligament
Tensor fasciae latae m.
Sartorius m.
Femoral vein
Great saphenous vein
Vastus lateralis m.
Pectoralis major m.
Sheath of rectus abdominis m.
Umbilicus
Anterior superior spine of ilium
Mons pubis
Gracilis m.
Figure A.12 Superficial Anatomy of the Trunk (female). Surface anatomy is shown on the anatomical left, and structures immediately deep to the skin on the right (m. = muscle; v. = vein).
Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, Third Edition
44 Part One Organization of the Body
Internal jugular v. External jugular v
Omohyoid m.
Clavicle
Internal intercostal mm
External intercostal mm
Costal cartilages
Liver
Gallbladder
External abdominal oblique m.
Internal abdominal oblique m.
Transversus abdominis m Greater omentum
Urinary bladder
Penis
Scrotum
Common carotid a.
Sternum
KIH Sub-
scapularis m.
Coraco-brachialis m.
Lung
Pericardium Pleura Diaphragm
Stomach
Internal jugular v. External jugular v
Costal cartilages
Liver
Gallbladder
Urinary bladder
Penis
Scrotum
Common carotid a.
Large intestine
Femoral n. Femoral a. Femoral v.
Large intestine
Femoral n. Femoral a. Femoral v.
Figure A.13 Anatomy at the Level of the Rib Cage and Greater Omentum (male). The anterior body wall is removed, and the ribs, intercostal muscles, and pleura are removed from the anatomical left (a. = artery; v. = vein; m. = muscle; n. = nerve).
Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, Third Anatomy Edition
Atlas A General Orientation to Human Anatomy 45
Thyroid cartilage of larynx Thyroid gland Brachial nerve plexus
Superior vena cava
Coraco brachialis m
Humerus
Lobes of lung
Lobes of lung
Brachio-cephalic v.
Subclavian v. Subclavian a.
Ascending aorta
Spleen
Stomach
Large intestine
Small intestine Cecum Appendix
Tensor fasciae latae m. Pectineus m.
Adductor longus m
Gracilis m. Adductor magnus m
Rectus femoris m.
Brachio-cephalic v.
Subclavian v. Subclavian a.
Ascending aorta
Axillary v.
Axillary a. Cephalic v. Brachial v. Brachial a.
Heart
Spleen
Stomach
Large intestine
Penis (cut)
Ductus deferens
Epididymis
Testis
Scrotum
Figure A.14 Anatomy at the Level of the Lungs and Intestines (male). The sternum, ribs, and greater omentum are removed (a. = artery; v. = vein; m. = muscle)
Name several viscera that are protected by the rib cage.
Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, Third Edition
46 Part One Organization of the Body
Superior vena cava Bronchus
Esophagus
Pleural cavity
Hepatic vv Inferior vena cava Splenic a.
Duodenum
Superior mesenteric v
Superior vena cava Bronchus
Esophagus
Pleural cavity
Duodenum
Superior mesenteric v
Trachea
Lung
(sectioned)
Thoracic aorta
Inferior mesenteric a.
Tensor fasciae latae m. (cut)
Sartorius m. (cut)
Adductor longus m
Trachea
Abdominal aorta
Common iliac a. Ureter Ovary
Uterine tube Uterus
Urinary bladder
Pectineus m. Gracilis m
Adductor longus m
Lung
(sectioned)
Thoracic aorta
Spleen Adrenal gland Pancreas
Kidney
Superior mesenteric a.
Inferior mesenteric a.
Tensor fasciae latae m. (cut)
Sartorius m. (cut)
Rectus femoris m. (cut) Adductor brevis m.
Vastus intermedius m.
Adductor longus m. (cut)
Vastus lateralis m. Vastus medialis m.
Figure A.15 Anatomy at the Level of the Retroperitoneal Viscera (female). The heart is removed, the lungs are frontally sectioned, and the viscera of the peritoneal cavity and the peritoneum itself are removed (a. = artery; v. = vein; vv. = veins; m. = muscle).
Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, Third Edition
Atlas A General Orientation to Human Anatomy 47
Figure A.16 Anatomy at the Level of the Dorsal Body Wall (female). The lungs and retroperitoneal viscera are removed (a. = artery; m. = muscle).
Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, Third Edition
48 Part One Organization of the Body
Scalp
Cranium
Frontal sinus
Nasal cavity
Palate Oral cavity
Tongue
Epiglottis Pharynx
Vocal cord Larynx
Trachea
Esophagus
Scalp
Cranium
Frontal sinus
Cerebrum
Brainstem Cerebellum
Foramen magnum of skull
Spinal cord
Vertebral column
Intervertebral discs
Cerebrum
Brainstem Cerebellum
Foramen magnum of skull
Spinal cord
Vertebral column
Intervertebral discs
Figure A.17 Median Section of the Head. Shows contents of the cranial, nasal, and buccal cavities.
Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, Third Edition
Atlas A General Orientation to Human Anatomy 49
Nerves
Internal jugular vein
■ Subclavian vein
Lungs
Ribs
Heart
Diaphragm
Nerves
Internal jugular vein
■ Subclavian vein
Lungs
Ribs
Heart
Diaphragm
Figure A. 1 8 Frontal View of the Thoracic Cavity.
Ventral
Pectoralis major muscle
Pericardial cavity
Ventricles of heart
Atria of heart Left lung
Pleural cavity
Ventral
Pleural cavity
Fat of breast
Sternum
Ribs
Right lung Esophagus Aorta Vertebra Spinal cord
Dorsal
Fat of breast
Sternum
Ribs
Right lung Esophagus Aorta Vertebra Spinal cord
Dorsal
Figure A.19 Transverse Section of the Thorax. Section taken at the level shown by the inset and oriented the same as the reader's body. In this section, which term best describes the position of the aorta relative to the heart: posterior, lateral, inferior, or proximal?
Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, Third Edition
Text
50 Part One Organization of the Body
Diaphragm-
Transverse colon Gallbladder-
Small intestine
Mesenteric arteries and veins Mesentery Descending colon Cecum
Sigmoid colon
Figure A.20 Frontal View of the Abdominal Cavity.
Figure A.21 Transverse Section of the Abdomen. Section taken at the level shown by the inset and oriented the same as the reader's body. What tissue in this photograph is immediately superficial to the rectus abdominis muscle?
Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, Third Edition
Text
Urinary bladder
Pubic symphysis
Seminal vesicle Prostate-
Penis Root -Bulb-
Shaft Corpus cavernosum
Corpus spongiosum
Urinary bladder
Pubic symphysis
Seminal vesicle Prostate-
Penis Root -Bulb-
Shaft Corpus cavernosum
Corpus spongiosum
- Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anal canal Anus
Epididymis Scrotum
Testis
- Figure A.22 Median Sections of the Pelvic Cavity. Viewed from the left. (a) Male, (b) Female.
Saladin: Anatomy & I Atlas A General I Text I © The McGraw-Hill
Physiology: The Unity of Orientation to Human Companies, 2003
Form and Function, Third Anatomy Edition
52 Part One Organization of the Body
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