Interactions Between the Muscular System and Other Organ Systems
Indicates ways in which this system affects other systems Indicates ways in which other systems affect this one
Integumentary System
Facial muscles pull on skin to provide facial expressions ^^ Covers and protects superficial muscles; initiates synthesis of calcitriol, which promotes absorption of calcium needed for muscle contraction; dissipates heat generated by muscles
Skeletal System
Muscles move and stabilize joints and produce stress that affects ossification, bone remodeling, and shapes of mature bones ^^ Provides levers that enable muscles to act; stores calcium needed for muscle contraction
Nervous System
Muscles give expression to thoughts, emotions, and motor commands that arise in the central nervous system ^^ Stimulates muscle contraction; monitors and adjusts muscle tension; adjusts cardiopulmonary functions to meet needs of muscles during exercise
Endocrine System
Exercise stimulates secretion of stress hormones; skeletal muscles protect some endocrine organs ^^ Hormones stimulate growth and development of muscles and regulate levels of glucose and electrolytes important for muscle contraction
Circulatory System
Muscle contractions help to move blood through veins; exercise stimulates growth of new blood vessels ^^ Delivers O2 and nutrients; carries away wastes and heat generated by muscles; cardiovascular efficiency, RBC count, hemoglobin level, and density of blood capillaries in muscle greatly affect muscular endurance
Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Muscle contractions promote lymph flow; exercise elevates level of immune cells and antibodies; excess exercise inhibits immune responses
^^ Lymphatic system drains fluid from muscles; immune system protects muscles from pathogens and promotes tissue repair
Respiratory System
Muscle contractions ventilate lungs; muscles of larynx and pharynx regulate air flow; CO2 generated by exercise stimulates respiratory rate and depth ^^ Provides O2 and removes CO2; respiratory efficiency greatly affects muscular endurance
Urinary System
Muscles control voluntary urination; muscles of pelvic floor support bladder
^^ Eliminates wastes generated by muscles; regulates levels of electrolytes important for muscle contraction
Digestive System
Muscles enable chewing and swallowing; control voluntary defecation; abdominal and lumbar muscles protect lower digestive organs ^^ Absorbs nutrients needed by muscles; liver regulates blood glucose levels and metabolizes lactic acid generated by anaerobic muscle metabolism
Reproductive System
Muscles contribute to erection and ejaculation; abdominal and pelvic muscles aid childbirth ^^ Gonadal steroids affect muscular growth and development
Saladin: Anatomy & I 10. The Muscular System I Text I © The McGraw-Hill
Physiology: The Unity of Companies, 2003 Form and Function, Third Edition
388 Part Two Support and Movement
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